Inheritance
Inheritance is a feature of object-oriented programming. It specifies that one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of parent object. By using inheritance you can define a new class with a little or no changes to the existing class. The new class is known as derived class or child class and from which it inherits the properties is called base class or parent class.
It provides re-usability of the code.
Inheritance can be categorised into five types:
Single Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Hierarchical Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance
# Inheritance Syntax
''' Note object in bracket.
(Generally, object is made ancestor of all classes)
In Python 3.x "class Person" is
equivalent to "class Person(object)"
But in Python 2.x it is necessary to declare it explicitly'''
class BaseClass(object):
# Statements of BaseClass go here
pass
class DerivedClass(BaseClass):
# Statements of BaseClass go here
pass
obj1 = BaseClass()
obj2 = DerivedClass()
print (type(obj1))
print (type(obj2))<class '__main__.BaseClass'>
<class '__main__.DerivedClass'>4.1 Single Inheritance
When a child class inherits from only one parent class, it is called as single inheritance.
# Example program to implement single inheritance
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, first, last):
self.firstname = first
self.lastname = last
def Name(self):
return self.firstname + " " + self.lastname
class Employee(Person):
def __init__(self, first, last, staffnum):
# Notice that we are using class name for calling the constructor of the parent class
# We may also use super() like
# super(Employee, self).__init__(first, last)
Person.__init__(self,first, last)
self.staffnumber = staffnum
def GetEmployee(self):
return self.Name() + ", " + self.staffnumber
x = Person("Marge", "Simpson")
y = Employee("Homer", "Simpson", "1007")
print (x.Name())
print (y.GetEmployee())Marge Simpson
Homer Simpson, 1007In python the above task of extending init () can be achieved the following ways:
By using the super() function
By using the name of the super class.
Method 1: super() function:
In Python, super() function is used to call the methods of base class which have been extended in derived class.
class Mammal(object):
def __init__(self, mammalName):
print(mammalName, 'is a warm-blooded animal.')
class Dog(Mammal):
def __init__(self):
print('Dog has four legs.')
super().__init__('Dog')
d1 = Dog()Dog has four legs.
Dog is a warm-blooded animal.We do not need to specify the name of the base class if we use super(), hence we can easily change the base class for Dog method easily.
Method 2: By using name of the super class
In Python, name of the base class can also be used to access the method of the base class which has been extended in derived class
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, first, last):
self.firstname = first
self.lastname = last
def Name(self):
return self.firstname + " " + self.lastname
class Employee(Person):
def __init__(self, first, last, staffnum):
Person.__init__(self,first, last)
self.staffnumber = staffnum4.2 Multiple Inheritance
Like C++, a class can be derived from more than one base classes in Python. This is called multiple inheritance.
In multiple inheritance, the features of all the base classes are inherited into the derived class. The syntax for multiple inheritance is similar to single inheritance.
#Example pseudocode
class Base1:
pass
class Base2:
pass
class MultiDerived(Base1, Base2):
pass# Python example to show working of multiple
# inheritance
class Base1(object):
def __init__(self):
self.str1 = "Geek1"
print( "Base1")
class Base2(object):
def __init__(self):
self.str2 = "Geek2"
print( "Base2")
class Derived(Base1, Base2):
def __init__(self):
# Calling constructors of Base1
# and Base2 classes
Base1.__init__(self)
Base2.__init__(self)
print( "Derived")
def printStrs(self):
print(self.str1, self.str2)
ob = Derived()
ob.printStrs()Base1
Base2
Derived
Geek1 Geek24.3 Multilevel Inheritance
We can also inherit form a derived class. This is called multilevel inheritance. It can be of any depth in Python.
In multilevel inheritance, features of the base class and the derived class is inherited into the new derived class.
#Example pseudocode
class Base:
pass
class Derived1(Base):
pass
class Derived2(Derived1):
pass# A Python program to demonstrate inheritance
# Base or Super class. Note object in bracket.
# (Generally, object is made ancestor of all classes)
# In Python 3.x "class Person" is
# equivalent to "class Person(object)"
class Base(object):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
# To get name
def getName(self):
return self.name
# Inherited or Sub class (Note Person in bracket)
class Child(Base):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name, age):
Base.__init__(self, name)
self.age = age
# To get name
def getAge(self):
return self.age
# Inherited or Sub class (Note Person in bracket)
class GrandChild(Child):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name, age, address):
Child.__init__(self, name, age)
self.address = address
# To get address
def getAddress(self):
return self.address
# Driver code
g = GrandChild("Geek1", 23, "Noida")
print(g.getName(), g.getAge(), g.getAddress())Geek1 23 NoidaSome other types are:
Hierarchical Inheritance :
More than one derived classes are created from a single base.
Hybrid Inheritance:
This form combines more than one form of inheritance. Basically, it is a blend of more than one type of inheritance.
4.4 Method Overriding
The feature of overriding methods enables the programmer to provide specific implementation to a method in the subclass which is already implemented in the superclass. The version of a method that is executed will be determined by the object that is used to invoke it. If an object of a parent class is used to invoke the method, then the version in the parent class will be executed, but if an object of the subclass is used to invoke the method, then the version in the child class will be executed.
In Python method overriding occurs simply defining in the child class a method with the same name of a method in the parent class. When you define a method in the object you make this latter able to satisfy that method call, so the implementations of its ancestors do not come in play.
class Parent(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value = 5
def get_value(self):
return self.value
class Child(Parent):
def get_value(self):
return self.value + 1
c = Child()
c.get_value()64.5 Abstract Methods
An abstract method is a method defined in a base class, but that may not provide any implementation. In Java, it would describe the methods of an interface.
An abstract method is provided by the (abstract) parent class but only implemented in the children classes.
So the simplest way to write an abstract method in Python is:
class Pizza(object):
def get_radius(self):
raise NotImplementedError #GTA vehicles/ different types/ can use abstract template to create and set params for diff types of vehicles.Any class inheriting from Pizza should implement and override the get_radius method, otherwise an exception would be raised.
This particular way of implementing abstract method has a drawback. If you write a class that inherits from Pizza and forget to implement get_radius, the error will only be raised when you'll try to use that method.
The method of implementing abstract methods by using the "NotImplementedError" exception has a drawback
If you write a class that inherits from circle and forget to implement get_radius, the error will only be raised when you'll try to use that method.
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